PROOF DOSSIER ON BIG BUD
© 2008 Advanced Nutrients Research
International Hydroponics Research Team
Big Bud Increases Growth Processes In Flowering Plants:
Amino Acids (Tryptophan)
"The results of the growth studies suggest that tryptophan is also a precursor of IAA in soybean tissue. Tryptophan was active in promoting growth, as was indole which is a precursor of tryptophan."
"Indoleacetic Acid Synthesis in Soybean Cotyledon Callus Tissue" in Plant Physiology. 1976. 57: 437-439
Amino Acids (Tryptophan)
"The labeling studies with tryptophan-'14C give direct evidence that tryptophan is converted to IAA in soybean tissue. The amount of conversion, based upon the IAA-'14C recovered, compares well to that found for Avena and bean (1). From the growth studies, it also appeared that exogenously supplied tryptophan is converted to IAA with an efficiency sufficient to allow growth about equal to IAA at 10-4 M."
"Indoleacetic Acid Synthesis in Soybean Cotyledon Callus Tissuel" in Plant Physiology. 1976. 57: 437-439
Ascorbic Acid
It is a cofactor for a range of hydroxylase enzymes, for example prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases involved in hydroxyproline (HP) and hydroxylysine synthesis (Davies, Austin and Partridge, 1991). HP-rich glycoproteins, such as extensin, are cell wall structural proteins (Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993). Post-translational formation of prolyl residues in these proteins is an important use for intracellular ascorbate in growing cells (Liso et al., 1985). Ascorbate is also required, at least in vitro, by ethylene-forming enzyme.
"The Function and Metabolism of Ascorbic Acid in Plants" in Annals of Botany. 1996. 78: 661-669
Ascorbic Acid
There is also evidence that ascorbate or, more likely mono dehydroascorbate, MDHA, stimulates cell proliferation in animal cell cultures by shortening the cell cycle and stimulating entry into S phase (Navas and Gomez-Diaz, 1995).
"The Function and Metabolism of Ascorbic Acid in Plants" in Annals of Botany. 1996. 78: 661-669
Ascorbic Acid
MDHA generated from AA by AO in the apoplast, stimulates cell growth through enhanced vacuolization (Hidalgo et al., 1989) and ion uptake caused by depolarization of the plasma membrane. Moreover, DHA is considered to be responsible for cell enlargement by promoting cell wall loosening (Lin and Varner, 1991). Local auxin-mediated production of free radicals has also been shown to induce cell wall extension (Joo et al., 2001). Because AA is believed to be the most important antioxidant in the apoplast of leaves and stems, its destruction via AO may be important in facilitating cell expansion.
"The Function of Ascorbate Oxidase in Tobacco." in Plant Physiology. 2003. 132(3): 1631–1641
Ascorbic Acid
Histochemical (i.e cell) staining with silver nitrate usually reveals high levels of ascorbate in meristems and ascorbate involvement in cell division has been suggested for both plant and animal cells. In plants, the evidence is based on the increased proportion of cells progressing to from G1 to S phase in onion root meristems and pericycle in response to exogenous ascorbate (Liso et al., 1988; Arrigoni et al., 1989; Innocenti et al., 1990; Arrigoni, 1994; Citterio et al., 1994). In onion roots, this causes a large decrease in the number of cells in the quiescent centre (QC) (Innocenti et al., 1990).
"The Function and Metabolism of Ascorbic Acid in Plants" in Annals of Botany. 1996. 78: 661-669
Ascorbic Acid
Ascorbate is transported via a carrier into the cell wall. Ascorbate oxidase (1) catalyses ascorbate oxidation and formation of monodehydroascorbate radical (MDA). MDA accepts electrons from a membrane-bound cytochrome b. Cytoplasmic ascorbate is a possible electron donor. Membrane depolarization, caused by transmembrane electron transport, stimulates H+-ATPase activity and leads to cell wall loosening. Ascorbate inhibits peroxidative cross-linking of wall polysaccharides and lignin polymerization by scavenging hydrogen peroxide and monolignol radicals. Dehydroascorbate (DHA) could react with amino acid side chains on wall polypeptides and prevent cross linking to matrix polysaccharides. DHA (or ascorbate) gives rise to oxalate which promotes wall loosening by binding calcium.
"The Function and Metabolism of Ascorbic Acid in Plants" in Annals of Botany. 1996. 78: 661-669
Ascorbic Acid
Recent evidence has provided an indication of the mechanism whereby ascorbic acid (AA) is involved in the regulation of growth (Pastori et al., 2003). Several lines of evidence also suggest ascorbate oxidase AO may be involved in this process. … AO transcripts are modified by auxin and SA in a manner consistent with effects on growth, and enhanced AO activity oxidizes the apoplastic AA pool and this can stimulate growth in certain conditions. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that AO activity can influence plant growth.
"The Function of Ascorbate Oxidase in Tobacco." in Plant Physiology. 2003. 132(3): 1631–1641
Ascorbic Acid
Rock Cress plants that are genetically mutant, and can only make 30% of the normal amount of ascorbic acid, suffer terrible growth defects.
"Environmental Stress Sensitivity of an Ascorbic Acid-Deficient Arabidopsis Mutant" in Plant Biology. 1996. 93(18): 9970-9974
Fulvic Acid
Fulvic acid appears to cause the genetic mechanism of plants to function at a higher level. It has been concluded that any means by which plant cells are exposed to Fulvic acid can improve growth.
Fulvic Acid: The Miracle Molecule. Morningstar Minerals. 2004. p: 1-45
Phosphorus
When P is limiting, the most striking effects are a reduction in leaf expansion and leaf surface area, as well as the number of leaves. Shoot growth is more affected than root growth, which leads to a decrease in the shoot root dry weight ratio. Nonetheless, root growth is also reduced by P deficiency, leading to less root mass to reach water and nutrients.
"Functions of Phosphorus in Plants." In Better Crops. 1999. 83(1): 6-7
Big Bud increases energy production for floral boosting
Ascorbic Acid
Ascorbate is well known as an in vitro electron donor for photosynthetic and mitochondrial electron transport. Recent evidence suggests that MDA [monodehydroascorbate] can act as an electron acceptor from PSII in vivo (Miyake and Asada, 1992) and that it could act as both electron donor and acceptor in transmembrane electron transport (Asard, Horemans and Caubergs, 1995).
"The Function and Metabolism of Ascorbic Acid in Plants" in Annals of Botany. 1996. 78: 661-669
Phosphorus
Phosphorus plays a vital role in virtually every plant process that involves energy transfer. High-energy phosphate, held as a part of the chemical structures of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and ATP, is the source of energy that drives the multitude of chemical reactions within the plant.
"Functions of Phosphorus in Plants." In Better Crops. 1999. 83(1): 6-7
Ascorbic Acid
Ascorbate is transported via a carrier into the cell wall. Ascorbate oxidase (1) catalyses ascorbate oxidation and formation of monodehydroascorbate radical (MDA). MDA accepts electrons from a membrane-bound cytochrome b. Cytoplasmic ascorbate is a possible electron donor. Membrane depolarization, caused by transmembrane electron transport, stimulates H+-ATPase activity and leads to cell wall loosening. Ascorbate inhibits peroxidative cross-linking of wall polysaccharides and lignin polymerization by scavenging hydrogen peroxide and monolignol radicals. Dehydroascorbate (DHA) could react with amino acid side chains on wall polypeptides and prevent cross linking to matrix polysaccharides. DHA (or ascorbate) gives rise to oxalate which promotes wall loosening by binding calcium.
"The Function and Metabolism of Ascorbic Acid in Plants" in Annals of Botany. 1996. 78: 661-669
Ascorbic Acid
Ascorbate has a central role in photosynthesis, as the high concentration in chloroplasts would imply. It works in its three biochemical modes. Firstly it acts as an antioxidant by removing hydrogen peroxide (chloroplasts lack catalase) formed by oxygen photoreduction in PSI (Mehler reaction). This is catalysed by ascorbate peroxidase (AP), some of which is bound to thylakoids where it can scavenge hydrogen peroxide as it forms (Miyake and Asada, 1992). This sequence has been termed the Mehler peroxidase reaction (Neubauer and Yamamoto, 1992). Secondly, MDA, formed by AP can act as a direct electron acceptor to PSI (Miyake and Asada, 1992; Foyer and Lelandais, 1993). Thirdly, it is a cofactor for violaxanthin de-epoxidase. In bright light, or when low temperatures and drought limit carbon dioxide ®xation, the excess excitation energy is dissipated as heat by zeaxanthin in the light harvesting antennae. Zeaxanthin is formed by successive de-epoxidation of the xanthophyll cycle pigments violaxanthin and antheroxanthin. The deepoxidase, which is bound to the lumen side of the thylakoid membrane, is dependent on ascorbate as a cofactor (Neubauer and Yamamoto, 1992, 1993). Ascorbate thus contributes to electron flow and to formation of zeaxanthin, which acts as a photoprotectant.
"The Function and Metabolism of Ascorbic Acid in Plants" in Annals of Botany. 1996. 78: 661-669
Ascorbic Acid
O2 is reduced to O2- the acceptor side of PS I by the Mehler reaction (a rather slow reaction), then ascorbate is oxidized to AFR by O2- , a very fast spontaneous reaction which produces O22-(or peroxide). The peroxide oxidizes more ascorbate to AFR through the catalysis of ascorbate peroxidase, a thylakoid bound enzyme (Miyake and Asada 1992), and finally PS I reduces rapidly AFR (Forti and Ehrenheim 1993) and the electron transport is coupled to ATP synthesis with the same stoichiometry as in the case of NADP reduction (Forti and Elli 1995).
"Personal recollections of 40 years in photosynthesis research" in Photosynthesis Research. 1999. 60: 99–110
Big Bud supports roots for better nutrient absorption
Amino acids + mycorrhizae
"Twelve out of 13 Cyperaceae species examined in the current study were capable of absorbing soil amino acids in the non-mycorrhizal state."
- grow in swampy environments, similar to hydroponics.
"Soil amino acid utilization among species of the Cyperaceae: Plant and Soil Processes" in Ecology. 1999. 80(70): 2408-2419
Amino acids + mycorrhizae
"Selection has favoured associations with fungal symbionts that are physiologically equipped to facilitate capture of these elements from their locally predominant organic sources."
"Mycorrhizas and nutrient cycling in ecosystems – a journey towards relevance?" in New Phytologist. 2003. 157
Amino acids + mycorrhizae
"Ericoid mycorrhizas … improve nitrogen nutrition of many ericaceous plant species that typically occur in habitats with impoverished nutrient status, by releasing amino acids from organic N forms... Both the Vmax and Km parameters of amino acid uptake were affected by fungal colonization in a manner consistent with an increased availability of amino acid to the plant."
- "Vmax" = how fast the amino acids are taken up by amino acid permease enzymes,
- "Km" = when the plant root enzymes reach their maximum amino acids uptake
"Calluna vulgaris root cells show increased capacity for amino acid uptake when colonized with the mycorrhizal fungus Hymenoscyphus ericae" in New Phytologist. 2002. 155(3): 525-530
Big Bud helps plants make the most of high-intensity lighting systems and keeps plants performing as if they are young and vigorous
Ascorbic Acid
In the apoplast, ascorbic acid is oxidized to monodehydroascorbate (MDHA) by the enzyme ascorbate oxidase (AO). MDHA is an unstable radical and rapidly disproportionates to yield DHA and AA. DHA is then transported into the cytosol through the plasma membrane by a specific carrier that preferentially translocates the oxidized form in exchange for the reduced form, ensuring a continuous flux of reducing power to the cell wall (Horemans et al., 2000)."
"The Function of Ascorbate Oxidase in Tobacco." in Plant Physiology. 2003. 132(3): 1631–1641
Amino Acids (Cysteine)
"The level of glutathione has also been shown to correlate with the adaptation of plants to extremes of temperature, in the tolerance of plants to xenobiotics and to biotic and abiotic environmental stresses…….Not only are elevated levels of GSH correlated with environmental stress tolerance but, in addition, enhanced GSH synthesis appeared to be an intrinsic response of plants to stress."
- plants make glutathione using cysteine and gylcine as an immediate response to environmental stress
"Glutathione homeostasis in plants: implications for environmental sensing and plant development" in Journal of Experimental Botany. 1998. 49(321): 649-667
Amino Acids (Cysteine)
"Glutathione (GSH; c-glutamylcysteinyl glycine) is an abundant and ubiquitous thiol with proposed roles in the storage and transport of reduced sulphur, the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids and as a modulator of enzyme activity."
"Glutathione homeostasis in plants: implications for environmental sensing and plant development" in Journal of Experimental Botany. 1998. 49(321): 649-667
Ascorbic Acid
[Ascorbate] is a cofactor for violaxanthin de-epoxidase. In bright light, or when low temperatures and drought limit carbon dioxide fixation, the excess excitation energy is dissipated as heat by zeaxanthin in the light harvesting antennae. Zeaxanthin is formed by successive de-epoxidation of the xanthophyll cycle pigments violaxanthin and antheroxanthin. The de-epoxidase, which is bound to the lumen side of the thylakoid membrane, is dependent on ascorbate as a cofactor (Neubauer and Yamamoto, 1992, 1993). Ascorbate thus contributes to electron flow and to formation of zeaxanthin, which acts as a photoprotectant.
"The Function and Metabolism of Ascorbic Acid in Plants" in Annals of Botany. 1996. 78: 661-669
Ascorbic Acid
To further test the hypothesis that 03 sensitivity in Arabidopsis is influenced by ascorbic acid (AsA) concentration, this antioxidant was artificially elevated in sozl. Both wild-type and mutant plants were watered with H20 (control), AsA, or L-galactono- 1,4-lactone (a proposed AsA precursor). Forty-eight hours after this treatment plants were either harvested for AsA analysis or exposed to 03. Pretreatment with AsA or L-galactono- 1,4-lactone caused elevation ofAsA in both sozl and wild type (Fig. 4A) and this restored 03 resistance to sozl. This result further strengthens the hypothesis that the sozl 03 sensitivity is caused by an AsA deficit.
"Environmental Stress Sensitivity of an Ascorbic Acid-Deficient Arabidopsis Mutant" in Plant Biology. 1996. 93(18): 9970-9974
Ascorbic Acid
Apoplastic AA [ascorbic acid] is believed to represent the first line of defense against potentially damaging external oxidants such as ozone, SO2, and NO2 (Plo¨ chl et al., 2000; Barnes et al., 2002).
"The Function of Ascorbate Oxidase in Tobacco." in Plant Physiology. 2003. 132(3): 1631–1641
Ascorbic Acid
[Ascorbate] acts as an antioxidant by removing hydrogen peroxide (chloroplasts lack catalase) formed by oxygen photoreduction in PSI (Mehler reaction). This is catalysed by ascorbate peroxidase (AP), some of which is bound to thylakoids where it can scavenge hydrogen peroxide as it forms (Miyake and Asada, 1992).
"The Function and Metabolism of Ascorbic Acid in Plants" in Annals of Botany. 1996. 78: 661-669
Ascorbic Acid
Ascorbate reacts rapidly with superoxide, singlet oxygen, ozone and hydrogen peroxide. It thus participates in removal of these reactive forms of oxygen which are generated during aerobic metabolism and during exposure to some pollutants and herbicides.
"The Function and Metabolism of Ascorbic Acid in Plants" in Annals of Botany. 1996. 78: 661-669
Amino Acids (Cysteine)
"[Glutathione's] notable stability derives from the c-glutamyl linkage, whilst the strong nucleophilic nature of the central cysteine (i.e the sulphur atom) make it a powerful cellular reductant."
"Glutathione homeostasis in plants: implications for environmental sensing and plant development" in Journal of Experimental Botany. 1998. 49(321): 649-667
Amino Acids (Cysteine)
"Reduced glutathione is one of the most efficient scavengers of peroxides arising as by-products of cellular metabolism or during oxidative stress. Since the potential for oxidative stress is permanent and inescapable, the evolution of aerobic life-forms has been to a large extent dependent upon the conservation of efficient antioxidant defences. The efficiency with which the oxidized dithiol (GSSG) can be converted back to GSH during the reductive inactivation of peroxides contributes to the centrality of GSH in antioxidant defences. A dependence upon a molecule as versatile as GSH probably underlies its ubiquity, and … its conservation since the origin of aerobic life may explain the diversity of functions to which it has been recruited."
"Glutathione homeostasis in plants: implications for environmental sensing and plant development" in Journal of Experimental Botany. 1998. 49(321): 649-667
Big Bud supports protein and alkaloid synthesis for better growth, weight, and resin production so flowers have improved scent, taste, and appearance
Potassium
Appropriate K fertilization practices were more beneficial to isoflavone concentrations than changes in other management factors such as tillage systems and row widths.
"Potassium Fertilization Effects on Isoflavone Concentrations in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]" in Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 2002. 50: 3501-3506
Isoflavones are a group of phytochemicals … that are thought to contribute to the healthful effects of soybean in human and animal diets. Researchers have found that the potential role of soybean-based foods in prevention of chronic diseases including cancer, heart disease, osteoporosis, and menopausal symptoms (1-3) is promising because isoflavones in soybean seeds possess functions of antiestrogens (4, 5), antioxidants (6), and tyrosine protein kinase inhibitors (7).
"Potassium Fertilization Effects on Isoflavone Concentrations in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]" in Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 2002. 50: 3501-3506
Magnesium
Treatment of both whole plants and detached flower buds grown at elevated temperatures in the presence of magnesium salts, increased flower anthocyanin concentration by up to 80%. … The results of this study show that increasing magnesium levels in aster petals prevents the deleterious effect of elevated temperatures on anthocyanin accumulation, thus enhancing flower colour
"Increased anthocyanin accumulation in aster flowers at elevated temperatures due to magnesium treatment" In Physiologia Plantarum. 2002. 114(4): 559-565
Provides all 20 essential amino acids in their active form to allow full speed protein production and a faster switch to flowering
Amino Acids
"Plants take up nitrogen nutrient via roots, mainly in the form of inorganic nitrogen such as and . Once taken up into the plant body, is reduced to organic nitrogen, mainly amino acids, and translocated to the other tissues via phloem and xylem. However, plants may also take up amino acids directly from the soil (Näsholm and Persson, 2001)."
"Root phloem-specific expression of the plasma membrane amino acid proton co-transporter AAP3" in Journal of Experimental Botany. 2004. 55(406): 2155-2168
Amino Acids
"Since relatively high concentrations of amino acids are present in both phloem ( 10–1 M) and xylem sap ( 10–2 M), they are thought to be the major transported forms of organic nitrogen in most plant species. …the amino acid content of phloem and xylem sap seems to be tightly regulated under various conditions to meet the nitrogen requirements of different tissues (Lam et al., 1995)."
"Root phloem-specific expression of the plasma membrane amino acid proton co-transporter AAP3" in Journal of Experimental Botany. 2004. 55(406): 2155-2168
Amino Acids
"Amino acid distribution requires a number of membrane transport steps along the translocation pathway. Amino acids have to cross the plasma membrane when taken up from the soil into root cells."
"Root phloem-specific expression of the plasma membrane amino acid proton co-transporter AAP3" in Journal of Experimental Botany. 2004. 55(406): 2155-2168
Amino Acids
"Besides intercellular amino acid transport, translocation processes also occur between intracellular compartments such as chloroplasts, mitochondria, cytosol, and vacuoles during the processes of synthesis and storage. In fact, vacuolar / lysosomal amino acid transporters have been identified"
"Root phloem-specific expression of the plasma membrane amino acid proton co-transporter AAP3" in Journal of Experimental Botany. 2004. 55(406): 2155-2168
Amino Acids
"Early physiological studies of amino acid transport in plants suggested the existence of several amino acid carriers exhibiting broad substrate specificity and being energized by cotransport with protons... Recent analysis of the Arabidopsis genome revealed that at least 53 putative amino acid carriers are present at the plasma membrane and tonoplast (Wipf et al., 2002)."
"Root phloem-specific expression of the plasma membrane amino acid proton co-transporter AAP3" in Journal of Experimental Botany. 2004. 55(406): 2155-2168
Amino Acids
"Among the plant amino acid carriers, the AAPs (amino acid permeases) are the best characterized so far. ... AAP3, the only AAP expressed to high levels preferentially in roots and which transports neutral and basic amino acids … is presented."
"Root phloem-specific expression of the plasma membrane amino acid proton co-transporter AAP3" in Journal of Experimental Botany. 2004. 55(406): 2155-2168
Amino Acids
"Most alkaloids are derived through the decarboxylation of amino-acid precursors (i.e. ornithine, lysine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and histidine) to yield their respective amines, or from anthranilic acid or nicotinic acid. The ability of plants to couple amines (i.e. amino acids) to different chemical partners produces a restricted number of versatile chemical backbones (i.e. central intermediates) from which the diversity of alkaloids is produced."
"The expanding universe of alkaloid biosynthesis" in Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 2001. 4(3): 225-233
Fulvic Acid
Fulvic acid readily complexes with minerals and metals making them available to plant roots and easily absorbable through cell walls. ... Fulvic acid also dissolves and transports vitamins, coenzymes, auxins, hormones, and natural antibiotics that are generally found throughout the soil, making them available. These substances are effective in stimulating even more vigorous and healthy growth.
Fulvic Acid: The Miracle Molecule. Morningstar Minerals. 2004. p: 1-45
|