Connoisseur's combination of proprietary ingredients and formulation technology represent a quantum leap in hydroponics harvest size and quality. Connoisseur gives you more flowering sites, more floral size, and more floral potency.

Following are some of the key benefits of Connoisseur:

Connoisseur greatly increases size, density, weight and number of flowers and fruits. The ingredients give you virtually total control over plant mechanisms responsible for number of flowering sites, flowering sites, flower structure, flower quality, and flower size. Connoisseur hormones (cytokinins), co-factors including amino acids and amino acid precursors essential to protein formation that promotes cellular metabolism, replication and other bloom processes optimizing the flower and fruit production. Produces higher quality flowers and fruits. The ingredients help in improving the overall quality, freshness, and marketability of the harvest.

Produces largest yields of any hydroponics fertilizer.

Results in earlier flowering and faster maturation. These nutrients are made from the highest quality source materials. The nutrients are bonded with special chelates that carry the nutrients into plant cells and systems effectively. Nutrients more quickly enter plants in a method and in a molecular configuration that ensures rapid, enhanced floral growth.

Increases potency, bioactivity, taste & aroma. The ingredients help plants to create larger than normal floral structure and then to fill it in with an especially dense, aromatic and potent core. Flowers become heavier and denser, with higher percentages of glandular aromatic and bioactive compounds than would ever occur in natural growth patterns.

By strengthening the plant cell wall both internally and externally, the ingredients making the plant disease resistant. This enhances the floral growth making it impossible for the insects and pathogens attack the unusually succulent flowers that are larger than normal size. The ingredients also help the plant withstand environmental stress.

Increases size, density, weight and number of flowers and fruits

Cytokinins
In a study of tobacco plants, scientists found that plants without cytokinin developed stunted shoots with smaller apical meristems. Their leaf cell production was only 3-4% that of normal plants, indicating an absolute requirement of cytokinins for leaf growth. These results suggest that cytokinins are an important regulatory factor of plant meristem activity.
Tomá Werner et al., Regulation of plant growth by cytokinin. 2001. 10.1073/pnas.171304098.

Cytokinins are involved in the release of lateral buds from apical dominance. This means that they allow the plant to grow laterally, not just increase in length.
L. M Srivastava. Plant growth and development. Hormones and Environment, 323.

In another study, it was found that larger applications of cytokinin yield larger single buds, as against many small buds.
(1982). Bud induction with cytokinin: A local response to local application. Plant Physiology. 69, 682-686.

The levels of cytokinin actually increase in the plant during the period of active bud development. This shows the importance of cytokinin for this process. Furthermore, scientists concluded that that this hormone indirectly controls the form of single branches in the spruce tree.
(1996). Evidence that cytokinin controls bud size and branch form in Norway spruce. Physiologia Plantarum. 98(3), 612-618.

"Exogenous application of cytokinin to raceme tissues of soybean has been shown to stimulate flower production and to prevent flower abortion. It was also found that increasing cytokinin concentrations in certain environments may result in increased total seed production."
(2001).Cytokinin regulation of flower and pod set in soybeans (Glycine max(L.) Merr.). Annals of Botany. 88(1), 27-31.

Other researchers found that Cytokinin increased fruit size with no influence on fruit shape and seed number, and it did not reduce the return yield in the following year.
(2003).Benzyladenine effects on fruit size, fruit thinning and return yield of 'Spadona' and 'Coscia' pear. Scientia Horticulturae, 98(4), 499-504.

It was also found that the incorporation of cytokinin into plant tissue culture growth medium at sufficient levels commonly enhances budding.
(1982).Bud induction with cytokinin: A local response to local application. Plant Physiology, 69, 682-686.

Zeatin and zeatin riboside
It was found that in Maize, zeatin and zeatin riboside increased to maximal concentrations at an early stage of fruiting (9 days after pollination), corresponding to the stage when cell division rate was maximal. There was an increase in DNA content per nucleus, which happens due to post mitotic DNA replication.
H. S. Lur and T. L. Setter. (1993). Role of Auxin in Maize Endosperm Development. Plant Physiology, 103(1), 273-280.

Reseachers have found that Zeatin is indispensable for the G2-M transition in tobacco BY-2 cells. This means that Zeatin is responsible for cells to move into the mitosis or cell division phase. The cell division phase is crucial for growth and zeatin promotes that in both flowering and fruiting.
F. Laureys Zeatin is indispensable for the G2-M transition in tobacco BY-2 cells. FEBS Letters, 426 (1), 29-32.

It was found that there was significant increase in the levels of zeatin and zeatin riboside were observed at flower bud initiation. They suggest that the cytokinins that are translocated to the shoots are accumulated in the buds at the dormant stage, and that later there is a considerable increase in free cytokinins during flower bud initiation, leading to the promotion of flower bud development. Connoisseur takes advantage of this phenomenon to supply zeatin and zeatin riboside in the flowering phase so that they can fulfil the need of the plant and increase bud initiation.
Chen, W.S et al. (1997). Cytokinins from terminal buds of Euphoria longana during different growth stages. Physiologia Plantarum, 99 (1), 185-189.

Taylor et al. reported that as the terminal bud moves from the production of "short shoots" (needle fascicles) to "long shoots" (lateral branches or female conebuds), zeatin riboside levels increase markedly. This clearly shows that zeatin is implicated in plant and shoot growth and structure.
John S. Taylor et al. (1984). Changes in Cytokinins and Gibberellin-Like Substances in Pinus radiata Buds during Lateral Shoot Initiation and the Characterization of Ribosyl Zeatin and a Novel Ribosyl Zeatin Glycoside. Plant Physiology. 74(3), 626-631.

Molybdenum
This is a key micronutrient for flower, pollen and fruit formation in plants. Connoisseur has an easily assimilated form of this key nutrient.

Low Molybdenum content restricts flower formation and development and function of pollens and as a result poor fruit formation occurs in several crop plants.
(2004). Molybdenum stress-induced changes in growth and yield of chickpea. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 27(1), 173-181

Boron
This is a key mineral that influences flowering, the following study shows that flowering is delayed in boron deficient plants and the number of flowers reduce too.

'There was no doubt that flowering was delayed in boron-deficient plants; only one red clover and no bean plants produced inflorescences. … Boron deficiency reduced both the number of flowering heads and the number of flowers that these contained.'
(1957). Journal of Experimental Botany. 8(3), 353-367.

Boron requirement for reproductive growth in plants has long been recognized. Gauch & Dugger cited over 70 references that reported boron effects on pollen germination, or on flowering and fruiting of plants.
(1998). Boron in plant structure and function. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 49, 481-500.

It has been noted that reproductive growth, especially flowering, fruit and seed set and seed yield, is more sensitive to Boron deficiency than vegetative growth
Dear and Lipsett, Noppakoonwong et al. Woodbridge et al., (1997). Physiological response of plants to low boron. Plant and Soil, 193, 103-120.

Potassium
This has been shown to affect both flower number and fruit formation, giving the greatest number of flowers until the 43rd day after cotyledon expansion.
(1975).Effect of potassium nutrition on tomato plant growth and fruit development. Plant and Soil, 42, 395-412.

In the cytoplasm, K has an important role in providing the correct ionic environment for metabolic processes. The ionic requirements of protein synthesis seem to be particularly important in determining the composition of the cytoplasm. Potassium is not replaceable in its cytoplasmic functions and the plant probably needs to maintain the cytoplasmic concentration of K in the range of 100 to 200 mM. Potassium salts in the vacuole are involved in the generation of turgor.
R. A. Leigh, R. G. Wyn Jones. (1984). A hypothesis relating critical potassium concentrations for growth to the distribution and functions of K ion in the plant cell.New Phytologist, 97 (1), 1-13.

Potassium is the most abundant cation in higher plants and is crucial for plant nutrition, growth, tropisms, enzyme homeostasis and osmoregulation. K+ accumulation can be rate-limiting for agricultural production. K+ uptake from soils into roots is largely mediated by high-affinity K+ uptake (Km approximately 10-40 microM) (refs 1, 2, 5-7).
Schachtman DP, Schroeder JI. (1994). Structure and transport mechanism of a high-affinity potassium uptake transporter from higher plants. Nature, 370(6491), 655-8.

Phosphorus
Without this element, there is a decrease in the number of flowers. Cytokinins are also implicated in this pathway and the amount of cytokinin activity decreases with decrease in phosphorus amounts.
(1976). Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 3.

Amino acids
Certain amino acids have also been found to increase flowering percentages. In a study, among 20 amino acids and 2 amides tested, addition of asparagine, aspartate, glutamate, a-alanine, glycine and serine clearly increased the flowering percentages and retarded the regression of floral buds by 2-3 days. All these amino acids are available to your plants through Connoisseur.
(1977). Flower-promoting effect of some amino acids and amides in Lemna paucicostata 6746. Plant & Cell Physiology, 18, 27-34.

Following the demonstration by Cohen et al. of a requirement for putrescine in tomato fruit development, polyamines have been implicated in several fundamental processes in plants, including embryogenesis, seed germination, reproductive development, and virus multiplication.
(1987). N-Caffeoyl-4-amino-n-butyric acid, a new flower-specific metabolite in cultured tobacco cells and tobacco plan. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 262(23),11026-11031.

To enhance the blooming process, Advanced Nutrients formulated Connoisseur to include all 20 amino acids. These "reduced" nitrogen and carbon-based ingredients are the ones that assist directly with the "bulking up" type of growth that blooming entails.

Since relatively high concentrations of amino acids are present in both phloem (food transport system) and xylem (water transport system) sap, they are thought to be the major transported forms of organic nitrogen in most plant species. The amino acid content of phloem and xylem sap seems to be tightly regulated under various conditions to meet the nitrogen requirements of different tissues.
(1996). The molecular genetics of nitrogen assimilation into amino acids in higher plants. Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology, 47, 569-593.

The plant has various mechanisms to transport all amino acids effectively showing the importance of amino acids as building blocks. Early physiological studies of amino acid transport in plants suggested the existence of several amino acid carriers exhibiting broad substrate specificity and being energized by co transport with protons. Recent analysis of the Arabidopsis genome revealed that at least 53 amino acid transporter molecules are present at the plasma membrane and tonoplast.
Wipf et al. (2004). Root phloem-specific expression of the plasma membrane amino acid proton co-transporter AAP3. Journal of Experimental Botany, 55 (406), 2155-2168.

Produces largest yields

The results of growth studies suggest that tryptophan is also a precursor of IAA in soybean tissue. Tryptophan was active in promoting growth, as was the indole which is a precursor of tryptophan.
RC Black, RH Hamilton. (1976). Indoleacetic Acid Synthesis in Soybean Cotyledon Callus Tissue. Plant Physiology. 57, 437-439.

Potassium transport is mediated by a potassium transport protein, which brings in K from the surrounding medium whenever needed for the plant. The benefit of potassium (K) as a soil fertilizer to increase yields of crops has been known for several hundred years.
Perkins-Veazie, P. and Roberts, W. (2002). Can Potassium Application Affect the Mineral and Antioxidant Content of Horticultural Crops? Fertilizing Crops for Functional Foods: Symposium Proceedings.

In another study, cotton plants receiving K fertilization yielded more than plants that did not receive K. The cotton yield increased an average of 9% during these 2 yrs. This larger boll mass was due to more seed per boll, greater seed mass, and more lint/seed. Thus K addition showed overall increase in yield of cotton.
(2003). Relationships between insufficient potassium and crop maturity in cotton-Cotton. Agronomy Journal, 95, 1323-1329.

In an article, scientists showed how potassium nitrate is the best source of these nutrients.
(1995). The effect of nitrate input on tomato yield and fruit quality. Acta Horticulturae, 401.

Copper
Crops growing on even marginally copper deficient soils may have losses of 20 per cent or more in grain yield while not showing visual symptoms of a deficiency.
(1995). Agridex, 532(2).

Copper is concentrated in the chloroplasts of green leaves and has been suspected to be involved in the initial primary light reaction of photosynthesis.
(1952). Physiology Review, 32, 66-121.

Copper has a structural role in making cell walls, and Cu stabilizes cellulose strands and lignins in woody parts of plants. Obviously, copper deficiencies can cause plant structural problems.

Adequate boron nutrition is critical not only for high yields but also for high quality of crops. Worldwide, boron deficiency is more extensive than deficiency of any other plant micronutrient. Boron deficiency causes many anatomical, physiological, and biochemical changes, most of which represent secondary effects.
(1998). Boron in plant structure and function. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 49, 481-500.

Supplementing the media with mixtures of amino acids or commercial preparations of hydrolyzed proteins frequently enhances the growth of plants.
(1970). The effects of amino acids and ammonium on the growth of plant cells in suspension culture. Plant Physiology, 45, 372-375.

Addition of glutamine, which is relatively nontoxic, enables cells to maintain a high growth rate for a longer period.
(1970). The effects of amino acids and ammonium on the growth of plant cells in suspension culture. Plant Physiol, 45, 372-375.

In a study, plants were grown on nitrate, plus glutamine and checked the yield. The cultures from Reseda, wheat, flax, and horseradish grew quite well on nitrate alone, but the yields were generally higher when nitrate was supplemented with glutamine.
(1970). The effects of amino acids and ammonium on the growth of plant cells in suspension culture. Plant Physiology, 45, 372-375.

Phosphorus plays a vital role in virtually every plant process that involves energy transfer. High-energy phosphate, held as a part of the chemical structures of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is the source of energy that drives the huge number of chemical reactions within the plant.
(1999). Better Crops, 83(1).

Magnesium
Magnesium also is involved wherever phosphorus is being used to transfer cellular energy; Mg stabilizes high-energy phosphates wherever they are being carried by molecules such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), or guanosine triphosphate GTP.

In the entire range of iron supply used, low iron levels depressed the chlorophyll content in pea leaves, the depression being marked and statistically significant at 15, 30 and 45 days growth.
(1978). Plant and Soil, 49, 343-353.

Calcium
Calcium is actively transported into the plant. As a plant nutrient it is present in relatively high content in the plant however, it is needed in small amounts, like a micro nutrient element. Calcium is required for cell elongation in both shoots and roots.
H. G. Burstrom. (1968). Calcium and plant growth. Biological Reviews, 43 (3), 287-316.

Cobalt is a micronutrient that is included in Connoisseur specifically to feed beneficial microbes that inhabit the root zone. Cobalt is a metal that is critically involved in enabling the process of nitrogen fixation by beneficial bacteria. Cobalt becomes bound to vitamin B12 also called cobalamine, and this B-vitamin is an essential cofactor for these bacteria. It has been demonstrated that cobalt will materially increase the elongation of stem segments in the presence of sugars.
E. W. Bolle-Jones & V. R. Mallikarjuneswara. (1957). A Beneficial Effect of Cobalt on the Growth of the Rubber Plant. Nature, 179, 738 - 739.

Early flowering and faster maturation

Rose root stocks showed bigger, denser flowers when treated with zeatin. The incorporation of cytokinin into plant tissue culture growth medium at sufficient levels commonly enhances budding.
(1982). Bud induction with cytokinin: A local response to local application. Plant Physiology, 69, 682-686.

Exogenous application of cytokinin to raceme tissues of soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr.) has been shown to stimulate flower production and to prevent flower abortion.
(2001). Cytokinin regulation of flower and pod set in soybeans (Glycine max(L.) Merr.). Annals of Botany, 88(1), 27-31.

Plant phosphorus levels were high in early summer and declined in late July and early August. This decline in phosphorus concentrations corresponded to flowering and seed dispersal. (1998). Mycorrhizal infection, phosphorus uptake, and phenology in Ranunculus adoneus:Implications for the functioning of mycorrhizae in alpine systems. Oecologia, 94, 229-234.

To show that budding and flowering can be affected by chelating agents, Hillman conducted an experiment. He reported that Lemna perpusilla 6746 flowered independent of the photoperiod on Hoagland-type medium, but behaved as a typical short-day plant if chelating agents, such as EDTA, were added to the medium.
(1973). Effects of some SH-inhibitors and EDTA on flowering in Lemna perpusilla 6746. Plant & Cell Physiology, 14, 1133-1141.

The flower-inducing effect of EDTA and EDDHA at rather low concentrations implied the chelation of some trace elements. Lemna paucicostata is a short-day plant which normally flowers only in a medium supplemented with EDTA or EDDHA. On a molar basis EDDHA is more effective for induction of flowering. The chelating agent can be replaced by high concentrations of ferric citrate in the medium. Simultaneous supply of both EDDHA and a high level of ferric citrate results in flowering even under long days.
(1967). Induction of Flowering in Lemna paucicostata, a Short-Day Plant, by Chelating Agents and Iron. Planta. 77, 95-98.

Recently, it was found in a laboratory that substitution of the usual iron source in the medium by an iron chelate, namely, Fe-EDDHA, results in a change of the photoperiodic behaviour of Wolffia microscopica from short-day to day-neutral (Maheshwari and Seth, 1966). Amino acids given after the end of the long dark period were more effective than those given during the dark period, suggesting that they favored the flower-producing process following the inductive dark process. On the other hand, if the above amino acids or amide were applied under repeated lightdark cycles, they shortened the critical dark period by 1-2 hr and almost completely nullified the light-break effect. They seem to promote the flower-inductive dark process, too.
(1977). Flower-promoting effect of some amino acids and amides in Lemna paucicostata 6746. Plant & Cell Physiology, 18, 27-34.

A pollen population effect occurs whenever pollen grains are grown in vitro. Small pollen populations germinate and grow poorly if at all, under conditions which support excellent growth of large pollen populations. The pollen population effect is overcome completely by calcium is added. Its action has been confirmed in 86 species representing 39 plant families.
James L. Brewbaker and Beyoung H. Kwack. (1963). The essential role of calcium ion. Pollen germination and pollen tube growth.

Produces Higher Quality Flowers and Fruits

Increased Potency, Bioactivity, Taste & Aroma

Most alkaloids are derived through the removal of the carbon dioxide moiety of amino-acid precursors (i.e. ornithine, lysine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and histidine) to yield their respective amines, or from anthranilic acid or nicotinic acid. The ability of plants to couple amines (i.e. amino acids) to different chemical partners produces a restricted number of versatile chemical backbones (i.e. central intermediates) from which the diversity of alkaloids is produced.
(2001). The expanding universe of alkaloid biosynthesis: Current Opinion. Plant Biology. 4(3), 225-233.

Manganese
This acts as a cofactor, activating about 35 different enzymes. Manganese activates several enzymes leading to the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine and secondary products such as lignin and flavonoids.
(2007). Fluid Journal, 15(4), 20-22.

In Mg-deficient plants the rate of sucrose export was decreased to 10-20% of the control plants. After resupply of Mg for 24 h and 48 h the rate of sucrose export was comparable with the rate in the control plants.
Ismail Cakmak, Christine Hengeler, and Horst Marschner. Changes in phloem export of sucrose in leaves in response to phosphorus, potassium and magnesium deficiency in bean plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 45 (9),1251-1257).

Make the plant resistant to pathogens and stress

Analysis of the structure of the B-RG-II complex reveals that the complex is composed of boric acid and two chains of monomeric RG-II. Boric acid does not merely bind to sugars but crosslinks two chains of pectic polysaccharide at the RG-II region through borate-diester bonding, thus forming a network of pectic polysaccharides in cell walls. This is present in walls of every cell in radish roots. The complex is also found in growing pollen tube cell walls, which require B to grow.
Toru Matoh. (1997). Boron in plant cell walls. Plant and Soil, 193 (1&2), 59-70.

Reduced glutathione is one of the most efficient scavengers of peroxides arising as by-products of cellular metabolism or during oxidative stress. Since the potential for oxidative stress is permanent and inescapable, the evolution of aerobic life forms has been to a large extent dependent upon the conservation of efficient antioxidant defenses. The efficiency with which the oxidized dithiol (GSSG) can be converted back to GSH during the reductive inactivation of peroxides contributes to the centrality of GSH in antioxidant defenses. A dependence upon a molecule as versatile as GSH probably underlies its ubiquity, and its conservation since the origin of aerobic life may explain the diversity of functions to which it has been recruited.
MJ May, T Vernoux, C Leaver, M Van Montagu, D Inze. (1998). Glutathione homeostasis in plants: Implications for environmental sensing and plant development. Journal of Experimental Botany. 49(321), 649-667).

Thus Connoisseur contains a unique combination of ingredients that cause your plants to really grow huge, dense and many flowers and fruits. This is achieved as we have seen by supplying both nutrients and cofactors that actually control all flowering mechanisms and push the plant to bigger harvests than have ever been seen before.