BUD BLOOD RESEARCH DOSSIER
© 2008 Advanced Nutrients Research
International Hydroponics Research Team
Bud Blood triggers earlier harvests and promotes flowering
- reduces the amount of time for each crop cycle
- decreases production costs
- more harvests per year
Phosphorous
Phosphate appears to play an important role in the flowering of Lemna paucicostata 6746, a short-day duckweed. Phosphate and calcium partially remove the inhibitory effect of sucrose on photoperiodic flowering in 1/50 strength Hutner's medium (Posner 1969) and also partially reverse the inhibition of photoperiodic flowering caused by transfer to distilled water for short periods of darkness (Haraban and Hillman 1970). A recent study (Mori 1984) found that iron and phosphate could enhance flowering in. 1/10 Hutner's medium under uninterrupted darkness.
“Measurement of Endogenous Phosphorus Levels in Relation to Flowering in the Long-Day Plant Lemna gibba G3” in Plant Cell Physiology. 1986. 27(7): 1277-1283
Potassium
In the above experiments, the efficiency of fruit setting, i.e. the percentage of the total number of flowers which produced fruit, fell significantly in conditions of potassium deficiency (Table 3), and was less than 66 per cent when the nutrient feed contained concentrations less than 2.3 me K+/1. Since both the final flower number and fruit setting efficiency were reduced under these conditions, the number of fruit produced per plant was also lower at the lower potassium treatments. The total yield of fruit per plant reached a maximum with the 5.03 and 10.23 me K+/1 treatments.
“Effect of Potassium Nutrition on Tomato Plant Growth and Fruit” in Plant and Soil. 1975. 42: 395-412
Phosphorous
Dunne and Fitter (1989) examined the phosphorus budget of strawberry plants in the field and found that flower initiation required extra uptake of phosphorus.
“Mycorrhizal infection, phosphorus uptake, and phenology in Ranunculus adoneus: implications for the functioning of mycorrhizae in alpine systems” in Oecologia. 1993. 94: 229-234
Potassium
Maximum fruit yield without the production of excessive foliage was associated with 5.2 i 0.8 g K+/100 g dry weight in the whole leaf (3.8 ± 0.6 and 8.1 =h 1.1 in the laminae and petioles, respectively).
“Effect of Potassium Nutrition on Tomato Plant Growth and Fruit” in Plant and Soil. 1975. 42: 395-412
Phosphorous
G3 does not flower in NH4+-free 0.5 H medium (Tanaka et al. 1979), but increasing the phosphate concentration from 1.15 mti to 12-20 mM results in substantial flowering (Cleland and Tanaka 1986). The results suggested that flowering may be inhibited by the decrease of phosphate concentration even in E medium. Flowering was induced in standard E medium with 5 mM phosphate but suppressed by lowering the phosphate concentration in the medium (Fig. 1), confirming our results that a high concentration of phosphate is required for the induction of flowering in Lemna gibba G3 (Cleland and Tanaka 1986).
“Measurement of Endogenous Phosphorus Levels in Relation to Flowering in the Long-Day Plant Lemna gibba G3” in Plant Cell Physiology. 1986. 27(7): 1277-1283
Bud Blood Increases Your Yield and Quality
Potassium
The application of an adequate supply of potassium to tomato plants is important in vegetative growth and in the production of fruit of good quality. A change in the availability of potassium to the plant significantly affects the composition of both the foliage and the fruit.
“Effect of Potassium Nutrition on Tomato Plant Growth and Fruit” in Plant and Soil. 1975. 42: 395-412
Phosphorous
Ten days of phosphorus deficiency results in a decrease in the number of flowers that develop on the first truss of tomato plants. This effect on flower number is accompanied by a decrease in the cytokinin activity of the root exudate. The involvement of cytokinins in flower development is further implicated by the fact that application of kinetin to the growing medium increased the number of flowers produced by the seedlings.
Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol.3 (1976)
Potassium
Total dry weights of 6-wk-old plants grown in sand were maximal when the nutrient feed contained 0.53-5.03 me K+/1, although plants receiving 10.23 me K+/1 retained more water in the foliage and therefore had the greatest foliage fresh weight. Both peduncle length and height of the basal truss were increased by K in the feed up to 10.23 me/l, the highest concentration used. Flower development was retarded below 0.53 me K+/1, and fruit setting efficiency was reduced below 2.03 me K+/1. Fruit ripened faster on plants receiving low concentrations of K. Maximum fruit yields were produced on plants grown ill sand receiving 5.03 or 10.23 me K+/1.
“Effect of Potassium Nutrition on Tomato Plant Growth and Fruit” in Plant and Soil. 1975. 42: 395-412
Phosphorous
Results show a significant yield response to super-phosphate. Long-term applications of ammonium sulphate resulted in severe reduction of vine growth and yield, and a significant lowering of soil pH. No direct response to potassium sulphate was obtained except in one year, but a positive interaction between potassium and phosphorus occurred in some years. An analysis of the components of yield in 1964 showed that the increase in yield with superphosphate was due to an increase in the number of berries per bunch.
“Fertilizer responses with non-irrigated Shiraz grapevines, 1944-1966” in Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 1970. 21: 243-252
Potassium
Plants receiving K fertilization yielded more than plants that did not receive any K… The lint yield increased an average of 9% during these 2 yr… In 1996, the 112 kg K/ha plants produced bolls 8% heavier compared with the 0 kg K/ha treatment. This larger boll mass could be attributed to more seed per boll, greater seed mass, and more lint/seed (lint index) found with the 112 kg K/ha treatment compared with the 0 kg K/ha. In 1997, the production of 4% more bolls per unit of ground area was the principal yield component contributing to the yield increase observed with the 112 kg K/ha treatment. In addition, the 112 kg K/ha treatment had a 4% greater seed mass than the 0 kg K/ha treatment in 1997.
“COTTON: Relationships between Insufficient Potassium and Crop Maturity in Cotton” in Agronomy Journal. 2003. 95: 1323-1329
Potassium
The benefit of K as a soil amendment (fertilizer) to increase yields of crops has been known for several hundred years
Perkins-Veazie, P. and Roberts, W. “Can Potassium Application Affect the Mineral and Antioxidant Content of Horticultural Crops?” in Fertilizing Crops for Functional Foods: Symposium Proceedings. Potash & Phosphate Institute/ Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC). 2002
Phosphorous
Results show a significant yield response to super-phosphate. Long-term applications of ammonium sulphate resulted in severe reduction of vine growth and yield, and a significant lowering of soil pH. No direct response to potassium sulphate was obtained except in one year, but a positive interaction between potassium and phosphorus occurred in some years. An analysis of the components of yield in 1964 showed that the increase in yield with superphosphate was due to an increase in the number of berries per bunch.
“Fertilizer responses with non-irrigated Shiraz grapevines, 1944-1966” in Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 1970. 21: 243-252
Bud Blood Gives You Heavier, Bigger Flowers
Phosphorous
Shoot and root fresh and dry weights increased with increasing amounts of phosphate fertilizer… Phosphorus concentration in shoots and roots increased significantly with increasing phosphate additions. Root P increased when either one or both halves of the root system was supplemented with phosphate fertilizer.
“Effects of Soil and Plant Phosphorus Concentrations on Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Sorghum Plants” in New Phytologist. 1989. 112(3): 405-410.
Phosphorous
Plant phosphorus levels were high in early summer and declined in late July and early August. This decline in phosphorus concentrations corresponded to flowering and seed dispersal.
“Mycorrhizal infection, phosphorus uptake, and phenology in Ranunculus adoneus: implications for the functioning of mycorrhizae in alpine systems” in Oecologia. 1993. 94: 229-234
Bud Blood increases production of isoflavones
- Increases flower structure and pigment (attractiveness)
- Improves flavor and aroma
[Isoflavones] are thought to contribute to the healthful effects of soybean in human and animal diets. …isoflavones in soybean seeds possess functions of antiestrogens, antioxidant, and tyrosine protein kinase inhibitors.
“Potassium Fertilization Effects on Isoflavone Concentrations in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]” in Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 2002. 50:3501-3506
Two classes of the major nutraceutical components studied in fruits include flavonoids and isoprenoids. Flavonoids such as quercetin and catechin are strong antioxidants and powerful inhibitors of calcium (Ca) second messenger function. Isoprenoids such as lycopene and carotene are also strong antioxidants.
Paliyath, G., Schofield, A., Oke, M., and Taehyun A. “Phosphorus Fertilization and Biosynthesis of Functional Food Ingredients” in Fertilizing Crops for Functional Foods: Symposium Proceedings. Potash & Phosphate Institute/ Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC). 2002
Potassium
Significant and positive responses of daidzein, genistein, and total isoflavone to direct deep-banded K or residual surface-applied K were observed on low-K soils. Potassium application and placement effects on isoflavones were sometimes significant on medium- to high-testing soils... In addition, appropriate K fertilization practices were more beneficial to isoflavone concentrations than changes in other management factors such as tillage systems and row widths.
“Potassium Fertilization Effects on Isoflavone Concentrations in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]” in Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 2002. 50:3501-3506
Potassium
Isoflavone concentrations responded positively to K fertilizer applications even when seed yield or (and) seed K concentrations themselves weren’t increased on some of these medium- and high-K soils.
“Potassium Fertilization Effects on Isoflavone Concentrations in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]” in Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 2002. 50:3501-3506
Potassium
Use of K in hydroponic or soil applications increased the carotenoid and vitamin C content of tomatoes and grapefruit, and increased the K content of grapes and strawberries.
Perkins-Veazie, P. and Roberts, W. “Can Potassium Application Affect the Mineral and Antioxidant Content of Horticultural Crops?” in Fertilizing Crops for Functional Foods: Symposium Proceedings. Potash & Phosphate Institute/ Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC). 2002
Potassium
K is well known as an essential activator for many enzymes in various metabolic pathways in plants. It is possible that the observed K fertilization effects on isoflavones were due to the stimulation of some specific enzymes involved in isoflavone synthesis, as was suggested for lycopene synthesis in tomato.
“Potassium Fertilization Effects on Isoflavone Concentrations in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]” in Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 2002. 50:3501-3506
Potassium
Adoption of optimum K fertilization practices in terms of appropriate rates and placements (the latter especially important for no-till soybean) to increase seed yield when soil K is limiting may simultaneously increase daidzein, genistein, and total isoflavone contents of soybean seeds.
“Potassium Fertilization Effects on Isoflavone Concentrations in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]” in Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 2002. 50:3501-3506
Phosphorous
Both the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and the isoprenoid pathway are heavily dependent on phosphorus (P)-containing metabolites such as ATP, NADPH, and sugar phosphates derived through the pentose P pathway. Thus, P fertilization may have a direct effect on the levels of these metabolites, and potentially in the levels of the end products such as flavonoids and lycopene.
Paliyath, G., Schofield, A., Oke, M., and Taehyun A. “Phosphorus Fertilization and Biosynthesis of Functional Food Ingredients” in Fertilizing Crops for Functional Foods: Symposium Proceedings. Potash & Phosphate Institute/ Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC). 2002
Phosphorous
Phosphorus fertilization increased the percentage of red skin on both varieties at harvest (Figures 2 and 3) as well as the intensity of the red color in Red Delicious fruit at harvest (Figure 4). Fruit from sprayed sides of the trees with foliar treatments had more red color than those from the non-sprayed side.
Paliyath, G., Schofield, A., Oke, M., and Taehyun A. “Phosphorus Fertilization and Biosynthesis of Functional Food Ingredients” in Fertilizing Crops for Functional Foods: Symposium Proceedings. Potash & Phosphate Institute/ Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC). 2002
Phosphorous
Potassium appears to most affect acidity, pH, and carotenoid content, and may promote disease resistance in the plant
Perkins-Veazie, P. and Roberts, W. “Can Potassium Application Affect the Mineral and Antioxidant Content of Horticultural Crops?” in Fertilizing Crops for Functional Foods: Symposium Proceedings. Potash & Phosphate Institute/ Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC). 2002
Bud Blood protects plants from disease and oxidative stress
Potassium Carbonate
“Potassium carbonate has fungicidal properties and it is possible that water-run potassium carbonate could suppress phytophthora or even nematodes. … Once potassium carbonate is added to water some of it is converted to potassium bicarbonate and that compound has been shown to have fungicidal properties.”
Traynor, J. “Making ‘K’ Pay in your Vinyard: Dripping Potassium Carbonate into the System.” BeeSource. 2002.
Phosphorous
Phosphorus fertilization decreased the incidence of superficial scald in ‘McIntosh’ (Figure 5), but not ‘Delicious’ (data not shown) after 4 months of air storage.
Paliyath, G., Schofield, A., Oke, M., and Taehyun A. “Phosphorus Fertilization and Biosynthesis of Functional Food Ingredients” in Fertilizing Crops for Functional Foods: Symposium Proceedings. Potash & Phosphate Institute/ Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC). 2002
Phosphorous
Potassium appears to most affect acidity, pH, and carotenoid content, and may promote disease resistance in the plant.
Perkins-Veazie, P. and Roberts, W. “Can Potassium Application Affect the Mineral and Antioxidant Content of Horticultural Crops?” in Fertilizing Crops for Functional Foods: Symposium Proceedings. Potash & Phosphate Institute/ Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC). 2002
Sulfur
Sulfur metabolism in plants includes uptake of the macronutrient sulfate from the environment, assimilation into organic compounds, and channelling into proteins and secondary substances. Cysteine, methionine, and sulphur-containing vitamins such as biotin or thiamine are essential in human nutrition.
“Molecular physiology of plant sulphur metabolism” in Planta. 1997. 202: 138-148.
Sulfur (glutathione)
[Glutathione’s] function is that of an antioxidant; in concert with ascorbate, it acts to protect labile macromolecules against attack by scavenging free radicals and hydrogen peroxide, which are formed as a consequence of oxidative stresses such as extremes of temperature, drought, herbicides or air pollutants.
“Biosynthesis and antioxidant function of glutathione in plants” in Physiologia Plaiwarum. 1989. 77:457-464
Bud Blood stimulates a stronger, more extensive root system
- Faster, more efficient nutrient absorption
- lower fertilizer costs
Phosphorous
Exposure of parts of the main seminal roots (axes) to high concentrations of phosphate caused a localized promotion of the initiation and subsequent extension of both first and second order laterals, compared with zones receiving very low concentrations of phosphate.
“Comparison of the effects if a localized supply of phosphate, nitrate, ammonium and potassium on the growth of the seminal root system, and the shoot, in barley.” In New Phytologist. 1975. 75(3): 479-490.
Potassium
In contrast to the other ions studied, potassium supplied to a single zone enhanced lateral growth throughout the root system although potassium-deficient plants (treatment 3) had a poorly developed system of lateral roots. Our results therefore, broadly support Wiersum's conclusions (1958) that nitrate and phosphate are more important in stimulating lateral root initiation than potassium.
“Comparison of the effects if a localized supply of phosphate, nitrate, ammonium and potassium on the growth of the seminal root system, and the shoot, in barley.” In New Phytologist. 1975. 75(3): 479-490.
Phosphorous, nutrient ratios
localized placement of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in a nutrient-deficient soil promoted root proliferation only when both nutrients were present in the same rooting zone: that is, omission of a single essential nutrient has marked effects even in the presence of ample concentrations of all others.
“Comparison of the effects if a localized supply of phosphate, nitrate, ammonium and potassium on the growth of the seminal root system, and the shoot, in barley.” In New Phytologist. 1975. 75(3): 479-490.
Bud Blood increases number of flowers
- increases yield and quality/setting
Potassium
“Summer squash” (Cucurbita maxima var. zapallito (Carr.) Millán) is a monoecious species and the reproductive stage starts with female flowering. A male to female flower ratio lower than 10:1 results in greater fruit setting and yield. This relation is controlled by environmental factors, growth hormones and nutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the N:K ratio on sex expression, fruit setting, earliness and yield on the summer squash.
“Summer Squash (Cucurbita maxima var. zapallito (Carr.) Millán) Earliness and Yield as Affected by the Nitrogen:Potassium Ratio”. In Agricultura Tecnica. 2003. 63(4): 428-435
Potassium
The number of flowers was greater for the relations 50N:50K and 50N:100K than for 50N:0K. The increment in the K fertilization did not affected the number of male flowers, but decreased the male to female flower ratio due to higher female flower production. The number of fruit set was lower at 50N:0K, without significant differences between 50N:50K and 50N:100K. The highest early yield was obtained with 50N:50K and 50N:100K, with respect to 50N:0K. The highest marketable yield was obtained with 50N:100K because of a greater marketable fruit number, since there was no significant fruit weight difference with fertilization.
“Summer Squash (Cucurbita maxima var. zapallito (Carr.) Millán) Earliness and Yield as Affected by the Nitrogen:Potassium Ratio”. In Agricultura Tecnica. 2003. 63(4): 428-435
Bud Blood reduces damage due to drought
Potassium
The percentage of live roots was reduced by drought stress at all K levels, but the largest reduction in percent live root occurred at K0 (Figure 3). Drought stress caused 44% reduction in the percent live root of Hibiscus plants at K0, compared to 26% and 20% reduction at K2:5 and K10, respectively.
“Effect of potassium on drought resistance of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis cv. Leprechaun: Plant growth, leaf macro- and micronutrient content and root longevity” in Plant and Soil. 2001. 229: 213-224
Potassium
All the treatments were fertilized with Hoagland’s nutrient solution, modified to supply K as K2SO4, at 0 mM K (K0), 2.5 mM K (K2:5), and 10 mM K (K10), under two irrigation regimes (drought stressed [DS] and non-drought stressed [non-DS]). ... At K0, plants were K-deficient and had the lowest leaf K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo and Al, and highest Ca concentrations. Although the percentage of live roots was decreased by drought stress, K2:5 and K10 plants (with similar percent live roots) had greater root survival ratio after drought treatment than the K-deficient plants. These observations indicate that adequate K nutrition can improve drought resistance and root longevity in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.
“Effect of potassium on drought resistance of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis cv. Leprechaun: Plant growth, leaf macro- and micronutrient content and root longevity” in Plant and Soil. 229: 213-224
Bud Blood increases nutrient availability
Potassium
More than ten times more K and five times more N and P were taken up into fruit of plants receiving 5.03 or 10.23 me K+/I.
“Effect of Potassium Nutrition on Tomato Plant Growth and Fruit” in Plant and Soil. 1975. 42: 395-412
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